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Cognition and Learning

Cognition and learning needs refer to difficulties with thinking, processing information, and acquiring skills, ranging from specific (e.g., dyslexia, dyscalculia) to moderate (MLD), severe (SLD), or profound (PMLD) learning difficulties. These needs often present as a slower pace of learning, poor working memory, and difficulties with literacy or numeracy.  Supporting these needs involves tailored strategies like overlearning, multisensory approaches, and scaffolding.

Slow progress and low attainment do not necessarily mean that a child has SEN and should not automatically lead to a pupil being recorded as having SEN.

However, they may be an indicator of a range of learning difficulties or disabilities. Equally, it should not be assumed that attainment in line with chronological age means that there is no learning difficulty or disability.

General learning difficulties 

  • Working just below age-related expectations
  • Some difficulties with the acquisition of language / literacy / numeracy despite regular attendance, quality first teaching and appropriate intervention 
  • Difficulty with the pace of the curriculum delivery 
  • Some problems with acquiring new concepts 

Pupils may display:

  • Work avoidance e.g. out of seat, sharpening pencils, talking, toilet trips 
  • Low –level disruption
  • Bravado/over confidence “it’s easy” 
  • Low self-esteem (aware of the difficulties they experience) 
  • Spoiling of own work 
  • Poor behaviours for learning 
  • Working memory issues 
  • Difficulties with organisation 
  • Lack of independence/reliant on adult support 

Specific learning difficulties  ( eg dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia) 

  • inconsistency (day to day) 
  • mild but persistent difficulties in aspects of literacy, numeracy or motor coordination (despite intervention) 
  • attention and concentration difficulties 
  • slow pace of work 
  • sequencing difficulties 
  • unable to follow instructions 
  • unusual profile of strengths and weaknesses
  • self-esteem / poor motivation 
  • challenging / unusual behaviours e.g. tired/ acting out / bored